레이블이 VAT Accounting인 게시물을 표시합니다. 모든 게시물 표시
레이블이 VAT Accounting인 게시물을 표시합니다. 모든 게시물 표시

2013년 12월 3일 화요일

About 'free vat accounting software'|FreeAgent Users: Dealing with the 20% VAT rate change







About 'free vat accounting software'|FreeAgent Users: Dealing with the 20% VAT rate change








If               you               shop               with               a               major               bank,               chances               are               that               all               the               transactions               in               your               account               are               scrutinized               by               AML               (Anti               Money               Laundering)               software.

Billions               of               dollars               are               being               invested               in               these               applications.

They               are               supposed               to               track               suspicious               transfers,               deposits,               and               withdrawals               based               on               overall               statistical               patterns.

Bank               directors,               exposed,               under               the               Patriot               Act,               to               personal               liability               for               money               laundering               in               their               establishments,               swear               by               it               as               a               legal               shield               and               the               holy               grail               of               the               on-going               war               against               financial               crime               and               the               finances               of               terrorism.

Quoted               in               Wired.com,               Neil               Katkov               of               Celent               Communications,               pegs               future               investments               in               compliance-related               activities               and               products               by               American               banks               alone               at               close               to               $15               billion               in               the               next               3               years               (2005-2008).

The               United               State's               Treasury               Department's               Financial               Crimes               Enforcement               Network               (finCEN)               received               c.

15               million               reports               in               each               of               the               years               2003               and               2004.
               But               this               is               a               drop               in               the               seething               ocean               of               illicit               financial               transactions,               sometimes               egged               on               and               abetted               even               by               the               very               Western               governments               ostensibly               dead               set               against               them.
               Israel               has               always               turned               a               blind               eye               to               the               origin               of               funds               deposited               by               Jews               from               South               Africa               to               Russia.

In               Britain               it               is               perfectly               legal               to               hide               the               true               ownership               of               a               company.

Underpaid               Asian               bank               clerks               on               immigrant               work               permits               in               the               Gulf               states               rarely               require               identity               documents               from               the               mysterious               and               well-connected               owners               of               multi-million               dollar               deposits.
               Hawaladars               continue               plying               their               paperless               and               trust-based               trade               -               the               transfer               of               billions               of               US               dollars               around               the               world.

American               and               Swiss               banks               collaborate               with               dubious               correspondent               banks               in               off               shore               centres.

Multinationals               shift               money               through               tax               free               territories               in               what               is               euphemistically               known               as               "tax               planning".

Internet               gambling               outfits               and               casinos               serve               as               fronts               for               narco-dollars.

British               Bureaux               de               Change               launder               up               to               2.6               billion               British               pounds               annually.
               The               500               Euro               note               makes               it               much               easier               to               smuggle               cash               out               of               Europe.

A               French               parliamentary               committee               accused               the               City               of               London               of               being               a               money               laundering               haven               in               a               400               page               report.

Intelligence               services               cover               the               tracks               of               covert               operations               by               opening               accounts               in               obscure               tax               havens,               from               Cyprus               to               Nauru.

Money               laundering,               its               venues               and               techniques,               are               an               integral               part               of               the               economic               fabric               of               the               world.

Business               as               usual?
               Not               really.

In               retrospect,               as               far               as               money               laundering               goes,               September               11               may               be               perceived               as               a               watershed               as               important               as               the               precipitous               collapse               of               communism               in               1989.

Both               events               have               forever               altered               the               patterns               of               the               global               flows               of               illicit               capital.
               What               is               Money               Laundering?
               Strictly               speaking,               money               laundering               is               the               age-old               process               of               disguising               the               illegal               origin               and               criminal               nature               of               funds               (obtained               in               sanctions-busting               arms               sales,               smuggling,               trafficking               in               humans,               organized               crime,               drug               trafficking,               prostitution               rings,               embezzlement,               insider               trading,               bribery,               and               computer               fraud)               by               moving               them               untraceably               and               investing               them               in               legitimate               businesses,               securities,               or               bank               deposits.

But               this               narrow               definition               masks               the               fact               that               the               bulk               of               money               laundered               is               the               result               of               tax               evasion,               tax               avoidance,               and               outright               tax               fraud,               such               as               the               "VAT               carousel               scheme"               in               the               EU               (moving               goods               among               businesses               in               various               jurisdictions               to               capitalize               on               differences               in               VAT               rates).

Tax-related               laundering               nets               between               10-20               billion               US               dollars               annually               from               France               and               Russia               alone.

The               confluence               of               criminal               and               tax               averse               funds               in               money               laundering               networks               serves               to               obscure               the               sources               of               both.
               The               Scale               of               the               Problem
               According               to               a               1996               IMF               estimate,               money               laundered               annually               amounts               to               2-5%               of               world               GDP               (between               800               billion               and               2               trillion               US               dollars               in               today's               terms).

The               lower               figure               is               considerably               larger               than               an               average               European               economy,               such               as               Spain's.
               The               System
               It               is               important               to               realize               that               money               laundering               takes               place               within               the               banking               system.

Big               amounts               of               cash               are               spread               among               numerous               accounts               (sometimes               in               free               economic               zones,               financial               off               shore               centers,               and               tax               havens),               converted               to               bearer               financial               instruments               (money               orders,               bonds),               or               placed               with               trusts               and               charities.

The               money               is               then               transferred               to               other               locations,               sometimes               as               bogus               payments               for               "goods               and               services"               against               fake               or               inflated               invoices               issued               by               holding               companies               owned               by               lawyers               or               accountants               on               behalf               of               unnamed               beneficiaries.

The               transferred               funds               are               re-assembled               in               their               destination               and               often               "shipped"               back               to               the               point               of               origin               under               a               new               identity.

The               laundered               funds               are               then               invested               in               the               legitimate               economy.

It               is               a               simple               procedure               -               yet               an               effective               one.

It               results               in               either               no               paper               trail               -               or               too               much               of               it.

The               accounts               are               invariably               liquidated               and               all               traces               erased.
               Why               is               It               a               Problem?
               Criminal               and               tax               evading               funds               are               idle               and               non-productive.

Their               injection,               however               surreptitiously,               into               the               economy               transforms               them               into               a               productive               (and               cheap)               source               of               capital.

Why               is               this               negative?
               Because               it               corrupts               government               officials,               banks               and               their               officers,               contaminates               legal               sectors               of               the               economy,               crowds               out               legitimate               and               foreign               capital,               makes               money               supply               unpredictable               and               uncontrollable,               and               increases               cross-border               capital               movements,               thereby               enhancing               the               volatility               of               exchange               rates.
               A               multilateral,               co-ordinated,               effort               (exchange               of               information,               uniform               laws,               extra-territorial               legal               powers)               is               required               to               counter               the               international               dimensions               of               money               laundering.

Many               countries               opt               in               because               money               laundering               has               also               become               a               domestic               political               and               economic               concern.

The               United               Nations,               the               Bank               for               International               Settlements,               the               OECD's               FATF               (Financial               Action               Task               Force),               the               EU,               the               Council               of               Europe,               the               Organisation               of               American               States,               all               published               anti-money               laundering               standards.

Regional               groupings               were               formed               (or               are               being               established)               in               the               Caribbean,               Asia,               Europe,               southern               Africa,               western               Africa,               and               Latin               America.
               Money               Laundering               in               the               Wake               of               the               September               11               Attacks
               Regulation
               The               least               important               trend               is               the               tightening               of               financial               regulations               and               the               establishment               or               enhancement               of               compulsory               (as               opposed               to               industry               or               voluntary)               regulatory               and               enforcement               agencies.
               New               legislation               in               the               US               which               amounts               to               extending               the               powers               of               the               CIA               domestically               and               of               the               DOJ               extra-territorially,               was               rather               xenophobically               described               by               a               DOJ               official,               Michael               Chertoff,               as               intended               to               "make               sure               the               American               banking               system               does               not               become               a               haven               for               foreign               corrupt               leaders               or               other               kinds               of               foreign               organized               criminals."
               Privacy               and               bank               secrecy               laws               have               been               watered               down.

Collaboration               with               off               shore               "shell"               banks               has               been               banned.

Business               with               clients               of               correspondent               banks               was               curtailed.

Banks               were               effectively               transformed               into               law               enforcement               agencies,               responsible               to               verify               both               the               identities               of               their               (foreign)               clients               and               the               source               and               origin               of               their               funds.

Cash               transactions               were               partly               criminalized.

And               the               securities               and               currency               trading               industry,               insurance               companies,               and               money               transfer               services               are               subjected               to               growing               scrutiny               as               a               conduit               for               "dirty               cash".
               Still,               such               legislation               is               highly               ineffective.

The               American               Bankers'               Association               puts               the               cost               of               compliance               with               the               laxer               anti-money-laundering               laws               in               force               in               1998               at               10               billion               US               dollars               -               or               more               than               10               million               US               dollars               per               obtained               conviction.

Even               when               the               system               does               work,               critical               alerts               drown               in               the               torrent               of               reports               mandated               by               the               regulations.

One               bank               actually               reported               a               suspicious               transaction               in               the               account               of               one               of               the               September               11               hijackers               -               only               to               be               ignored.
               The               Treasury               Department               established               Operation               Green               Quest,               an               investigative               team               charged               with               monitoring               charities,               NGO's,               credit               card               fraud,               cash               smuggling,               counterfeiting,               and               the               Hawala               networks.

This               is               not               without               precedent.

Previous               teams               tackled               drug               money,               the               biggest               money               laundering               venue               ever,               BCCI               (Bank               of               Credit               and               Commerce               International),               and               ...

Al               Capone.

The               more               veteran,               New-York               based,               El-Dorado               anti               money               laundering               Task               Force               (established               in               1992)               will               lend               a               hand               and               share               information.
               More               than               150               countries               promised               to               co-operate               with               the               US               in               its               fight               against               the               financing               of               terrorism               -               81               of               which               (including               the               Bahamas,               Argentina,               Kuwait,               Indonesia,               Pakistan,               Switzerland,               and               the               EU)               actually               froze               assets               of               suspicious               individuals,               suspected               charities,               and               dubious               firms,               or               passed               new               anti               money               laundering               laws               and               stricter               regulations               (the               Philippines,               the               UK,               Germany).
               A               EU               directive               now               forces               lawyers               to               disclose               incriminating               information               about               their               clients'               money               laundering               activities.

Pakistan               initiated               a               "loyalty               scheme",               awarding               expatriates               who               prefer               official               bank               channels               to               the               much               maligned               (but               cheaper               and               more               efficient)               Hawala,               with               extra               baggage               allowance               and               special               treatment               in               airports.
               The               magnitude               of               this               international               collaboration               is               unprecedented.

But               this               burst               of               solidarity               may               yet               fade.

China,               for               instance,               refuses               to               chime               in.

As               a               result,               the               statement               issued               by               APEC               in               November               2001               on               measures               to               stem               the               finances               of               terrorism               was               lukewarm               at               best.

And,               protestations               of               close               collaboration               to               the               contrary,               Saudi               Arabia               has               done               nothing               to               combat               money               laundering               "Islamic               charities"               (of               which               it               is               proud)               on               its               territory.
               Still,               a               universal               code               is               emerging,               based               on               the               work               of               the               OECD's               FATF               (Financial               Action               Task               Force)               since               1989               (its               famous               "40               recommendations")               and               on               the               relevant               UN               conventions.

All               countries               are               expected               by               the               West,               on               pain               of               possible               sanctions,               to               adopt               a               uniform               legal               platform               (including               reporting               on               suspicious               transactions               and               freezing               assets)               and               to               apply               it               to               all               types               of               financial               intermediaries,               not               only               to               banks.

This               is               likely               to               result               in...
               The               Decline               of               off               Shore               Financial               Centres               and               Tax               Havens
               By               far               the               most               important               outcome               of               this               new-fangled               juridical               homogeneity               is               the               acceleration               of               the               decline               of               off               shore               financial               and               banking               centres               and               tax               havens.

The               distinction               between               off-shore               and               on-shore               will               vanish.

Of               the               FATF's               "name               and               shame"               blacklist               of               19               "black               holes"               (poorly               regulated               territories,               including               Israel,               Indonesia,               and               Russia)               -               11               have               substantially               revamped               their               banking               laws               and               financial               regulators.
               Coupled               with               the               tightening               of               US,               UK,               and               EU               laws               and               the               wider               interpretation               of               money               laundering               to               include               political               corruption,               bribery,               and               embezzlement               -               this               would               make               life               a               lot               more               difficult               for               venal               politicians               and               major               tax               evaders.

The               likes               of               Sani               Abacha               (late               President               of               Nigeria),               Ferdinand               Marcos               (late               President               of               the               Philippines),               Vladimiro               Montesinos               (former,               now               standing               trial,               chief               of               the               intelligence               services               of               Peru),               or               Raul               Salinas               (the               brother               of               Mexico's               President)               -               would               have               found               it               impossible               to               loot               their               countries               to               the               same               disgraceful               extent               in               today's               financial               environment.

And               Osama               bin               Laden               would               not               have               been               able               to               wire               funds               to               US               accounts               from               the               Sudanese               Al               Shamal               Bank,               the               "correspondent"               of               33               American               banks.
               Quo               Vadis,               Money               Laundering?
               Crime               is               resilient               and               fast               adapting               to               new               realities.

Organized               crime               is               in               the               process               of               establishing               an               alternative               banking               system,               only               tangentially               connected               to               the               West's,               in               the               fringes,               and               by               proxy.

This               is               done               by               purchasing               defunct               banks               or               banking               licences               in               territories               with               lax               regulation,               cash               economies,               corrupt               politicians,               no               tax               collection,               but               reasonable               infrastructure.
               The               countries               of               Eastern               Europe               -               Yugoslavia               (Montenegro               and               Serbia),               Macedonia,               Ukraine,               Moldova,               Belarus,               Albania,               to               mention               a               few               -               are               natural               targets.

In               some               cases,               organized               crime               is               so               all-pervasive               and               local               politicians               so               corrupt               that               the               distinction               between               criminal               and               politician               is               spurious.
               Gradually,               money               laundering               rings               move               their               operations               to               these               new,               accommodating               territories.

The               laundered               funds               are               used               to               purchase               assets               in               intentionally               botched               privatizations,               real               estate,               existing               businesses,               and               to               finance               trading               operations.

The               wasteland               that               is               Eastern               Europe               craves               private               capital               and               no               questions               are               asked               by               investor               and               recipient               alike.
               The               next               frontier               is               cyberspace.

Internet               banking,               Internet               gambling,               day               trading,               foreign               exchange               cyber               transactions,               e-cash,               e-commerce,               fictitious               invoicing               of               the               launderer's               genuine               credit               cards               -               hold               the               promise               of               the               future.

Impossible               to               track               and               monitor,               ex-territorial,               totally               digital,               amenable               to               identity               theft               and               fake               identities               -               this               is               the               ideal               vehicle               for               money               launderers.

This               nascent               platform               is               way               too               small               to               accommodate               the               enormous               amounts               of               cash               laundered               daily               -               but               in               ten               years               time,               it               may.

The               problem               is               likely               to               be               exacerbated               by               the               introduction               of               smart               cards,               electronic               purses,               and               payment-enabled               mobile               phones.
               In               its               "Report               on               Money               Laundering               Typologies"               (February               2001)               the               FATF               was               able               to               document               concrete               and               suspected               abuses               of               online               banking,               Internet               casinos,               and               web-based               financial               services.

It               is               difficult               to               identify               a               customer               and               to               get               to               know               it               in               cyberspace,               was               the               alarming               conclusion.

It               is               equally               complicated               to               establish               jurisdiction.
               Many               capable               professionals               -               stockbrokers,               lawyers,               accountants,               traders,               insurance               brokers,               real               estate               agents,               sellers               of               high               value               items               such               as               gold,               diamonds,               and               art               -               are               employed               or               co-opted               by               money               laundering               operations.

Money               launderers               are               likely               to               make               increased               use               of               global,               around               the               clock,               trading               in               foreign               currencies               and               derivatives.

These               provide               instantaneous               transfer               of               funds               and               no               audit               trail.
               The               underlying               securities               involved               are               susceptible               to               market               manipulation               and               fraud.

Complex               insurance               policies               (with               the               "wrong"               beneficiaries),               and               the               securitization               of               receivables,               leasing               contracts,               mortgages,               and               low               grade               bonds               are               already               used               in               money               laundering               schemes.

In               general,               money               laundering               goes               well               with               risk               arbitraging               financial               instruments.
               Trust-based,               globe-spanning,               money               transfer               systems               based               on               authentication               codes               and               generations               of               commercial               relationships               cemented               in               honour               and               blood               -               are               another               wave               of               the               future.

The               Hawala               and               Chinese               networks               in               Asia,               the               Black               Market               Peso               Exchange               (BMPE)               in               Latin               America,               other               evolving               courier               systems               in               Eastern               Europe               (mainly               in               Russia,               Ukraine,               and               Albania)               and               in               Western               Europe               (mainly               in               France               and               Spain).
               In               conjunction               with               encrypted               e-mail               and               web               anonymizers,               these               networks               are               virtually               impenetrable.

As               emigration               increases,               diasporas               established,               and               transport               and               telecommunications               become               ubiquitous,               "ethnic               banking"               along               the               tradition               of               the               Lombards               and               the               Jews               in               medieval               Europe               may               become               the               the               preferred               venue               of               money               laundering.

September               11               may               have               retarded               world               civilization               in               more               than               one               way.
               Asset               Confiscation               and               Asset               Forfeiture
               The               abuse               of               asset               confiscation               and               forfeiture               statutes               by               governments,               law               enforcement               agencies,               and               political               appointees               and               cronies               throughout               the               world               is               well-documented.

In               many               developing               countries               and               countries               in               transition,               assets               confiscated               from               real               and               alleged               criminals               and               tax               evaders               are               sold               in               fake               auctions               to               party               hacks,               cronies,               police               officers,               tax               inspectors,               and               relatives               of               prominent               politicians               at               bargain               basement               prices.
               That               the               assets               of               suspects               in               grave               crimes               and               corruption               should               be               frozen               or               "disrupted"               until               they               are               convicted               or               exonerated               by               the               courts               -               having               exhausted               their               appeals               -               is               understandable               and               in               accordance               with               the               Vienna               Convention.

But               there               is               no               justification               for               the               seizure               and               sale               of               property               otherwise.
               In               Switzerland,               financial               institutions               are               obliged               to               automatically               freeze               suspect               transactions               for               a               period               of               five               days,               subject               to               the               review               of               an               investigative               judge.

In               France,               the               Financial               Intelligence               Unit               can               freeze               funds               involved               in               a               reported               suspicious               transaction               by               administrative               fiat.

In               both               jurisdictions,               the               fast               track               freezing               of               assets               has               proven               to               be               a               more               than               adequate               measure               to               cope               with               organized               crime               and               venality.
               The               presumption               of               innocence               must               fully               apply               and               due               process               upheld               to               prevent               self-enrichment               and               corrupt               dealings               with               confiscated               property,               including               the               unethical               and               unseemly               use               of               the               proceeds               from               the               sale               of               forfeited               assets               to               close               gaping               holes               in               strained               state               and               municipal               budgets.
               In               the               United               States,               according               to               The               Civil               Asset               Forfeiture               Reform               Act               of               2000               (HR               1658),               the               assets               of               suspects               under               investigation               and               of               criminals               convicted               of               a               variety               of               more               than               400               minor               and               major               offenses               (from               soliciting               a               prostitute               to               gambling               and               from               narcotics               charges               to               corruption               and               tax               evasion)               are               often               confiscated               and               forfeited               ("in               personam,               or               value-based               confiscation").
               Technically               and               theoretically,               assets               can               be               impounded               or               forfeited               and               disposed               of               even               in               hitherto               minor               Federal               civil               offenses               (mistakes               in               fulfilling               Medicare               or               tax               return               forms)
               The               UK's               Assets               Recovery               Agency               (ARA)               that               is               in               charge               of               enforcing               the               Proceeds               of               Crime               Act               2002,               had               this               chilling               statement               to               make               on               May               24,               2007:
               "We               are               pursuing               the               assets               of               those               involved               in               a               wide               range               of               crime               including               drug               dealing,               people               trafficking,               fraud,               extortion,               smuggling,               control               of               prostitution,               counterfeiting,               benefit               fraud,               tax               evasion               and               environmental               crimes               such               as               illegal               dumping               of               waste               and               illegal               fishing."               (!)               
               Drug               dealing               and               illegal               fishing               in               the               same               sentence.
               The               British               firm               Bentley-Jennison,               who               provide               Forensic               Accounting               Services,               add:
               "In               some               cases               the               defendants               will               even               have               their               assets               seized               at               the               start               of               an               investigation,               before               any               charges               have               been               considered.

In               many               cases               the               authorities               will               assume               that               all               of               the               assets               held               by               the               defendant               are               illegally               obtained               as               he               has               a               "criminal               lifestyle".

It               is               then               down               to               the               defendant               to               prove               otherwise.

If               the               defendant               is               judged               to               have               a               criminal               lifestyle               then               it               will               be               assumed               that               physical               assets,               such               as               properties               and               motor               vehicles,               have               been               acquired               through               the               use               of               criminal               funds               and               it               will               be               necessary               to               present               evidence               to               contradict               this.
               The               defendant's               bank               accounts               will               also               be               scanned               for               evidence               of               spending               and               any               expenditure               on               unidentified               assets               (and               in               some               cases               identified               assets)               is               also               likely               to               be               included               as               alleged               criminal               benefit.

This               often               leads               to               the               inclusion               of               sums               from               legitimate               sources               and               double               counting               both               of               which               need               to               be               eliminated."
               Under               the               influence               of               the               post-September               11               United               States               and               the               FATF               (Financial               Action               Task               Force               on               Money               Laundering),               Canada,               Australia,               the               United               Kingdom,               Greece,               South               Korea,               and               Russia               have               similar               asset               recovery               and               money               laundering               laws               in               place.
               International               treaties               (for               instance,               the               1959               European               Convention               on               Mutual               Legal               Assistance               in               Criminal               Matters,               the               1990               Convention               of               the               Council               of               Europe               on               Laundering,               Search,               Seizure               and               Confiscation               of               the               Proceeds               from               Crime               (ETS               141),               and               The               U.N.

Convention               against               Corruption               2003-               UNCAC)               and               European               Union               Directives               (e.g.,               2001/97/EC)               allow               the               seizure               and               confiscation               of               the               assets               and               "unexplained               wealth"               of               criminals               and               suspects               globally,               even               if               their               alleged               or               proven               crime               does               not               constitute               an               offense               where               they               own               property               or               have               bank               accounts.
               This               abrogation               of               the               principle               of               dual               criminality               sometimes               leads               to               serious               violations               of               human               and               civil               rights.

Hitler               could               have               used               it               to               ask               the               United               Kingdom's               Assets               Recovery               Agency               (ARA)               to               confiscate               the               property               of               refugee               Jews               who               committed               "crimes"               by               infringing               on               the               infamous               Nuremberg               race               laws.
               Only               offshore               tax               havens,               such               as               Andorra,               Antigua,               Aruba,               the               British               Virgin               Islands,               Guernsey,               Monaco,               the               Netherlands               Antilles,               Samoa,               St.

Vincent,               the               US               Virgin               Islands,               and               Vanuatu               still               resist               the               pressure               to               join               in               the               efforts               to               trace               and               seize               suspects'               assets               and               bank               accounts               in               the               absence               of               a               conviction               or               even               charges.
               Even               worse,               unlike               in               other               criminal               proceedings,               the               burden               of               proof               is               on               the               defendant               who               has               to               demonstrate               that               the               source               of               the               funds               used               to               purchase               the               confiscated               or               forfeited               assets               is               legal.

When               the               defendant               fails               to               furnish               such               evidence               conclusively               and               convincingly,               or               if               he               has               left               the               United               States               or               had               died,               the               assets               are               sold               at               an               auction               and               the               proceeds               usually               revert               to               various               law               enforcement               agencies,               to               the               government's               budget,               or               to               good               social               causes               and               programs.

This               is               the               case               in               many               countries,               including               United               Kingdom,               United               States,               Germany,               France,               Hong               Kong,               Italy,               Denmark,               Belgium,               Austria,               Greece,               Ireland,               New               Zealand,               Singapore               and               Switzerland.
               According               to               a               brief               written               by               Jack               Smith,               Mark               Pieth,               and               Guillermo               Jorge               at               the               Basel               Institute               on               Governance,               International               Centre               for               Asset               Recovery:
               "Article               54(1)(c)               of               the               UNCAC               recommends               that               states               parties               establish               non-criminal               systems               of               confiscation,               which               have               several               advantages               for               recovery               actions:               the               standard               of               evidence               is               lower               ("preponderance               of               the               evidence"               rather               than               "beyond               a               reasonable               doubt");               they               are               not               subject               to               some               of               the               more               restrictive               traditional               safeguards               of               international               cooperation               such               as               the               offense               for               which               the               defendant               is               accused               has               to               be               a               crime               in               the               receiving               state               (dual               criminality);               and               it               opens               more               formal               avenues               for               negotiation               and               settlements.

This               is               already               the               practice               in               some               jurisdictions               such               as               the               US,               Ireland,               the               UK,               Italy,               Colombia,               Slovenia,               and               South               Africa,               as               well               as               some               Australian               and               Canadian               States."
               In               most               countries,               including               the               United               Kingdom,               the               United               States,               Austria,               Germany,               Indonesia,               Macedonia,               and               Ireland,               assets               can               be               impounded,               confiscated,               frozen,               forfeited,               and               even               sold               prior               to               and               without               any               criminal               conviction.
               In               Australia,               Austria,               Ireland,               Hong-Kong,               New               Zealand,               Singapore,               United               Kingdom,               South               Africa,               United               States               and               the               Netherlands               alleged               and               suspected               criminals,               their               family               members,               friends,               employees,               and               partners               can               be               stripped               of               their               assets               even               for               crimes               they               have               committed               in               other               countries               and               even               if               they               have               merely               made               use               of               revenues               obtained               from               illicit               activities               (this               is               called               "in               rem,               or               property-based               confiscation").

This               often               gives               rise               to               cases               of               double               jeopardy.
               Typically,               the               defendant               is               notified               of               the               impending               forfeiture               or               confiscation               of               his               or               her               assets               and               has               recourse               to               a               hearing               within               the               relevant               law               enforcement               agency               and               also               to               the               courts.

If               he               or               she               can               prove               "substantial               harm"               to               life               and               business,               the               property               may               be               released               to               be               used,               though               ownership               is               rarely               restored.
               When               the               process               of               asset               confiscation               or               asset               forfeiture               is               initiated,               banking               secrecy               is               automatically               lifted               and               the               government               indemnifies               the               banks               for               any               damage               they               may               suffer               for               disclosing               confidential               information               about               their               clients'               accounts.
               In               many               countries               from               South               Korea               to               Greece,               lawyer-client               privilege               is               largely               waived.

The               same               requirements               of               monitoring               of               clients'               activities               and               reporting               to               the               authorities               apply               to               credit               and               financial               institutions,               venture               capital               firms,               tax               advisers,               accountants,               and               notaries.
               Elsewhere,               there               are               some               other               worrying               developments:
               In               Bulgaria,               the               assets               of               tax               evaders               have               recently               begun               to               be               confiscated               and               turned               over               to               the               National               Revenue               Agency               and               the               State               Receivables               Collection               Agency.

Property               is               confiscated               even               when               the               tax               assessment               is               disputed               in               the               courts.

The               Agency               cannot,               however,               confiscate               single-dwelling               houses,               bank               accounts               up               to               250               leva               of               one               member               of               the               family,               salary               or               pension               up               to               250               leva               a               month,               social               care,               and               alimony,               support               money               or               allowances.
               Venezuela               has               recently               reformed               its               Organic               Tax               Code               to               allow               for:
               "               (P)re-judgment               enforcement               measures               (to)               include               closure               of               premises               for               up               to               ten               days               and               confiscation               of               merchandise.

These               measures               will               be               applied               in               addition               to               the               attachment               or               sequestration               of               personal               property               and               the               prohibition               against               alienation               or               encumbrance               of               realty.

During               closure               of               premises,               the               employer               must               continue               to               pay               workers,               thereby               avoiding               an               appeal               for               constitutional               protection."
               Finally,               in               many               states               in               the               United               States,               "community               responsibility"               statutes               require               of               owners               of               legal               businesses               to               "abate               crime"               by               openly               fighting               it               themselves.

If               they               fail               to               tackle               the               criminals               in               their               neighborhood,               the               police               can               seize               and               sell               their               property,               including               their               apartments               and               cars.

The               proceeds               from               such               sales               accrue               to               the               local               municipality.
               In               New-York               City,               the               police               confiscated               a               restaurant               because               one               of               its               regular               patrons               was               an               alleged               drug               dealer.

In               Alabama,               police               seized               the               home               of               a               senior               citizen               because               her               yard               was               used,               without               her               consent,               for               drug               dealing.

In               Maryland,               the               police               confiscated               a               family's               home               and               converted               it               into               a               retreat               for               its               officers,               having               mailed               one               of               the               occupants               a               package               of               marijuana.






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