About 'iris accounts software'|Monitoring Software vs. Internet Predators
The goal of computer security is to protect against spam, phishing, viruses, worms, bots, hackers and identity theft. Most internal networks depend on authentication, authorization, and encryption. Some security levels are too restrictive to be functional. Proper computer security requires a balancing act providing adequate security measures and user-friendly access. Data thieves go to great lengths to access passwords, security controls, and permanent files. The most annoying security threat is spam, which is unsolicited commercial e-mail. E-mail runs on simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP). Port 25 is the network socket that delivers most e-mail and can provide an access point for unauthorized activity. The first and best tactic when fighting spam is eliminating open mail relays. An open relay is a mail server designed and configured to generate e-mail without verifying its sender. Legitimate mail servers lock out spammers. Most open relay systems are "black listed." Legitimate systems will not accept mail from a "blacklisted" site. Organizations often avoid providing an e-mail address and instead offer a web form. It takes an educated spammer to attack these forms. They look for web-based updating databases and online directories. Expert spammers known as form bots find them and use them to gain entry. Once in these form bots fill out the web forms and attach a uniform research locator (URL) with embedded scripts, which redirects the user's web browser to their site just by viewing any page that includes that URL as a link. Spammers also inject line feeds and mail headers into the senders e-mail address subverting the form processor to send their spam as well as or in place of the intended message thus turning the web server into a spam sending devise, The only cure for this problem is filtering. The completely automated public Turing test to tell computers and humans apart (CAPTCHA) provides a deterrent. This method poses questions in a form that only a human could answer. The most popular is a distorted graphic using numbers and letters. This method virtually eliminates form bots. The drawback is persons with restricted vision cannot maneuver this type of CAPTCHA. Less stringent CAPTCHA's for these users posing instructions like add sixty-three and eight or questions like what color is your favorite pet are common. If this simpler CAPTCHA is used the questions should be changed systematically. The question answering technique provides easy access for a hacker. Sarah Palin's personal e-mail account was hacked by a Tennessee student who used the internet to research her background. This student found personal information on Sarah. This information included her pet's names, her birth date, residence zip code, where she and her husband first met, and more. With this information, hacking Sarah's account was a simple process. Twitter experienced a similar attack that netted the hacker 300 Internet documents including strategy memos, and financial forecasts. Hacking is a common occurrence throughout a computer systems entire architecture including e-mail, web and wireless access, instant messaging, application development, and database management. Ethical hacking or white-hat hacking is an attempt to break defenses, written policy, and procedure by an internal or external technician employed for the purpose of protecting against hobby hackers, spammers, and corporate espionage. Ethical hacking has its limitations. Nothing regulated by the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) receives testing beyond its state of vulnerability. It is illegal for testers to enter a site; they can only make an entry point. Ethical testers are trained, screened and educated. Privacy laws control the handling of test results. For ethical testing to be within the law, there are many regulations to consider. These include the Gramm-Leach- Bliley Act, and Regulation S-P of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Also included are the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, the Stored Communications Act, and even the server provider's agreement, and the software and user's licenses. There are hundreds of laws and regulations, which apply. Ethical Hackers whether inside employees or third party contracted must sign indemnity promises and liability agreements. A safe practice for a company intending to use white hackers is to obtain the consumer's written permission when originally collecting data from them. Gaining consent after the fact will not hold up in a court if a lawsuit arises. Firewalls play an important part in computer security. Parameter scans test a systems ability to withstand break-in attempts through the parameter firewall, which is the wall between outside and inside users. The placement of a firewall on the network is of upmost importance however all firewalls are not the same. Many are simply hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) focused. Some target e-mail security only. Others are session-initiated protocol (SIP) for voice over Internet protocol (IP) or extensible markup language (XML) specific files. Multi-application firewalls designed to protect a corporate environment cost in the five-figure range. Some businesses use an intrusion detection system (IDS) to identify unusual activity on the network or host. There are two main IDS programs. The network based IDS (N-IDS) and the host based IDS (H-IDS). Business security teams admit that firewalls, anti-virus software and IDS systems are not adequate to handle the whole security issue. An in-line Internet protocol service (IPS) can only block intrusion based on threats it has prior knowledge of or is flooded with as in worm traffic. A "walled garden" combines firewalls and an IDS with rigid policy and authorized user access codes. This system is set up to keep intrusion out and confidential data in. In a joint venture business relationship, involving data flow from two or more companies around the globe a personal "walled garden" may interrupt more than it protects. Biometrics is a popular security technique that creates the automated recognition of individuals by distinct anatomical and behavioral traits. It requires traits with two distinct features that must be unique to the individual and not change significantly with time. Biometrics is hard to forge, copy, share, lose, or guess. Biometrics and cryptology are heavily military funded and draw the best minds in the computer security business. Biometrics became popular in 1879 when Alphonse Bertillon a French police officer developed a biometric system to identify repeat offenders. The end result of his work was the fingerprint classification system developed in 1896. Face recognition is a popular biometric method and is affordable. However, it is not secure. Hair colors change, beards are grown, people lose and gain weight and more. Iris readers work with excellent accuracy but they are cost prohibitive. In 2010, iris data is not permissible in a court of law. At present biometrics does not provide the answer for computer security. Even with all the fingerprint scanners and voice activators created so far, technology has failed to provide adequate security measures. Affordability and acceptable error rates will provide the key to the future of biometric security. Passwords are one method of "usable security" implemented by businesses. User security is a new science combining computer science and psychology. Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania has a cyber-security-research department called Cylab where 15 students are currently studying passwords. Lorrie Cranor is founder of Cylab's Usable Privacy and Security Laboratory. In 2006, she selected 144 volunteer students and busted over 249,000 mnemonic passwords. She built a program based on famous quotes, ad slogans, song lyrics, nursery rhymes, and such. It took longer to devise the program than it took to crack the passwords once the program was working. Adrian Perrig from Cylab has devised the "phoolproof" phising prevention. It uses your cell phone to generate a onetime password, which is revised every time it is used. Hackers listening in on unsecured wireless networks and through malware key loggers cannot use your new password because it is only good for one use. Passwords can provide a weak link in computer security. Some people use one password for everything from their e-mail, game accounts, blogs, home PC, workstation PC, social media, and beyond. The average working American has six to seven passwords for work related scenarios and uses each of them four to five times per day. Bosses usually require all employees to change their passwords three to four times per year. How does the typical American employee keep track of all these passwords? They write them down somewhere, they e-mail them to themselves, and even scribble them on post-its and stick them to the computer screen. After all, they think it is their paper, their e-mail account, and their computer, who will ever know? Technologist Thomas Baekdal's research has proven that hard to remember passwords based on long passphrase strings are hard to crack but create user confusion. Easy to remember long phrases like "du-be-do-be-do-da" will stand the test of time. Some password programs request a mix of capitalized and not capitalized letters, symbols, numbers, and punctuation marks. It is proven that hacker "phishing" tactics easily break most of these combinations. Many corporations look to encryption as a security tool. It relies on encoding information in a manner making it difficult to decode. The longer the length of the cipher in bits the harder it is to unscramble. David Hulton at age 13 realized that he could develop custom cryptography chips capable of running algorithms as fast as electricity runs through a current. At age 16, he tested out of high school. At 18, he was operating his own Cyber Security Consultancy and revealing security flaws to his customers. As a co-founder of PICO along with Robert Trout, he created cryptographic code breakers that tried trillions of number key arrangements. The result easily unlocked safeguarded messages. He and Trout combining with researcher Steve Muller released a devise at the ShmooCon Security Symposium in 2008, for breaking the encryption that protects Global Systems for Mobile Communications (GSM) cell phone signals using only $1500 worth of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA's), storage hardware, and an antenna. It unscrambled calls in an hour or less where previous devises had taken days. Pico now manufactures devises that break wireless protected access protocol used in Wi-Fi signals to file vault encryption. Pico's machines range in price from $400 to hundreds of thousands of dollars. One of their biggest customers is the U. S. Government. Based on personal security consciousness Pico will not sell or export to North Korea, Syria, or Iran. Pico according to experts is the world's leading authority on encryption. Symmetric encryption dates back to the Roman Empire. Asymmetric encryption is relatively new. File encryption is symmetric and uses a single cipher. Those using it must agree on the same mathematical algorithm to encrypt and decrypt. The problem with symmetric encryption is technology keeps catching up at such a fast pace that decoding ciphers becomes simple over time. The first computer encryption appeared in the mid 1970's. The data encryption standard (DES) used a cipher that was 56 bits long. Triple DES replaced it. In 2001, the advanced encryption standard (AES) evolved using a cipher 128 bits long. Encryption is unbreakable to the average hacker but not to the pro. The pretty -good privacy (PGP) developed in 1991; by Phil Zimmerman is one type of public key encryption software. It uses trusted individuals as third parties (key signing parties) to endorse other people's keys. PGP violates export controls according to the U. S. Government who filed a lawsuit against Zimmerman but dropped it in 1996. Elliptic curve cryptography works with 160 bits and is a form of asymmetric key encryption used on PDAnet iphones and Smartphones. Authentication is a vital step to provide the receiver proof of the sender. Digital signatures provide authentication through a mathematical algorithm called a hashing function. This hashing function is a unique short string of characters. There are several different hashing algorithms. MD5 and SHA-1 created by the National Security Agency in the mid 1990's are two of the most popular and still used today. In the U. S. the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (Public Law 106-229, 2000) regulates digital signatures at the federal level. It provides that digital signatures have the identical legal status as hand written signatures in interstate and international commerce. The Electronic Signatures in Global National Commerce Act (E-Sign) became effective October 1, 2000. This legislation provides that a signature, contract or record will be of legal effect even when in electronic form. E-Sign does not meet the disclosure requirements laid forth by the Federal Trade Commission's Franchise Rule. Franchise.com and PrivaSign are the only two firms offering programs for electronic disclosure. "Web 2.0" is the mechanism used for implementing digital signatures. The process requires two key components. The first component is a public key infrastructure (PKI) which using cryptography generates two mathematically related digital keys. The first key is a private key used solely by the document signer. The second key is a public access key used by those needing access to a document signed by the signer's private key. This process verifies the person with the private key and the unaltered content of the document. The second component is a certificate authority (CA) or a third party that issues the pair of keys and the digital certificate. This method provides for notification in case of key security compromise and eliminates repudiation. An enforceable cyberspace contract requires non-repudiation, sender authentication, and message integrity. This process meets all three requirements. The combination of a digital signature and a certificate provides more security than either one alone. The National Conference on Communications on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL) approved the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act in 1999 recommending it to all fifty states. In 2007, the Association of Local Certified Public Accountants (ALCPA) studied top technology initiatives. They defined identity and access management and securing and controlling information distribution as the second and seventh most influential technologies of the day. These technologies geared at authenticating an individual's identity before allowing them access to digital resources will accept login names, passwords, and personal identification numbers (PIN's) as acceptable implementation methods. There are many new devises providing unified threat management (UTM). This service combines multiple security technologies within a single application. These new devises block unwanted traffic on Port 80 where most web traffic funnels. The new devises called "Deep packet inspection (DPI)" runs antivirus, anti-spyware, and anti-intrusion system scans on all traffic as it hits the firewall. Deep pack inspection has improvised a system that instead of blocking sites from employee use allows and transmits 100% of it through network management ports. Even this has its drawbacks. It is expensive, employees view it as an attack on privacy, and it is not fool proof. Those using DPI are regulated by the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act of 2000 (RIPA) and the Data Protection Act of 1996 (DPA). Because today's network is composed of so many different components, the use of a multi-agent system is ideal. These systems use two analyzers. The first analyzer is composed of reagent comparators and decision makers. A comparator confronts traffic and detects possible intrusion. The decision maker analyzes the information detected by the comparator and takes defensive action. It may block, allow, or divert. Analyzer 2 consists of cognitive agents that analyze the behavior of the target and provide a warning to the user. In 2010, in the business market both intrusion and confidentiality matter but there is so much more. Today business systems need to allow for external partners, hot disking which uses the target disk mode to connect a computer with a fire wire port to a host computer creating an external hard drive, and tile working, which deals with the usage of farms, grids, and clusters. Keeping corporate partnership data flow safe and user-friendly is a challenge. Researchers are constantly working on an "all-in-one" high wire speed box. These boxes will include front-end content-based header monitoring and differential application monitoring in an intelligent shared package. The design will allow a Shanghai back-office business partner to communicate with a London affiliate's research laboratory as a San Francisco investor looks on into a South American production and distribution site with all of them safely punching keys. According to the experts, the technology to create an all-in-one box or all inclusive security system is available. The hold-up is the huge configuration effort necessary to produce it. In the end, all agree that adequate security requires protection for client-side and server-side attacks, random file formats, e-mail attachments, encryptions, segmentation, custom applications, and arbitrary protocols. The need is for pro-active security protection before the attack at the point of exploit. A pro-active security system defeats emerging threats throughout the entire system and identifies threats at ingress and egress origins. Hands-on management is the key to the future of computer security. Benhadou, Siham, Driss Raoui, and Hicham Medromi. "New Distributed Methodology for Security Base on Multiagent System." Journal of Internet Banking & Commerce 14.3 (2009): 1-6. Business Source Complete. EBSCO. Web. 22 Sept. 2010. Bradbury, Danny. "ENCRYPTION: THE KEY TO SECURE DATA?" Computer Weekly (2005): 44-46. Business Source Complete. EBSCO. Web. 22 Sept. 2010. Bradbury, Danny. "Never leave it all to your firewall." Computer Weekly (2007): 30-32. Business Source Complete. EBSCO. Web. 22 Sept. 2010. Breeding, Marshall. "Spam Wars: The Battle of the Formbots." Computers in Libraries 27.1 (2007): 32-34. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 22 Sept. 2010. Greenberg, Andy. "Silicon Safecracker." Forbes 185.9 (2010): 32-34. Business Source Complete. EBSCO. Web. 22 Sept. 2010. Herberger, Carl. "Manage your network security." Communications News 42.4 (2005): 60. Business Source Complete. EBSCO. Web. 22 Sept. 2010. "INTRUSION PREVENTION." InfoWorld 27.19 (2005): 38-42. Business Source Complete. EBSCO. Web. 22 Sept. 2010. Jain, Anil K., and Sharath Pankanti. "BEYOND FINGERPRINTING." Scientific American 299.3 (2008): 78. MAS Ultra - School Edition. EBSCO. Web. 22 Sept. 2010. Raether Jr., Ronald I. "DATA SECURITY AND ETHICAL HACKING." Business Law Today 18.1 (2008): 54-58. Business Source Complete. EBSCO. Web. 22 Sept. 2010. Ramaswami, Rama. "NOTHING TO LOL ABOUT." T H E Journal 37.6 (2010): 24-30. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 22 Sept. 2010. Saran, Cliff. "A firewall is no defence." Computer Weekly (2010): 20-21. Business Source Complete. EBSCO. Web. 22 Sept. 2010. Simmons, Frederick F. "Electronic Disclosure: Navigating the Confluence of Law and Technology." Franchising World 38.7 (2006): 31-33. Business Source Complete. EBSCO. Web. 22 Sept. 2010. Summers, Nick. "BUILDING A BETTER PASSWORD." Newsweek 154.16 (2009): E2 E9. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 22 Sept. 2010. Tidd, Ronald R., and Gary Heesacker. "Digital Signatures and Certificates." CPA Journal 78.5 (2008): 60-61. Business Source Complete. EBSCO. Web. 22 Sept. 2010. |
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